Varicose veins are swollen and enlarged veins – usually blue or dark purple – that usually occur on the legs. They may also be lumpy, bulging or twisted in appearance.
Other symptoms include:
Your GP can diagnose varicose veins based on these symptoms, although further tests may be carried out.
Varicose veins develop when the small valves inside the veins stop working properly.
In a healthy vein, blood flows smoothly to the heart. The blood is prevented from flowing backwards by a series of tiny valves that open and close to let blood through.
If the valves weaken or are damaged, the blood can flow backwards and collect in the vein, eventually causing it to be swollen and enlarged (varicose).
Certain things can increase your chances of developing varicose veins, such as:
Varicose veins are a common condition, affecting up to 3 in 10 adults. Women are more likely to develop them than men.
Any vein in the body can become varicose, but they most commonly develop in the legs and feet, particularly in the calves. This is because standing and walking puts extra pressure on the veins in the lower body.
Varicose veins are usually caused by weak vein walls and valves.
Inside your veins are tiny one-way valves that open to let the blood through and then close to prevent it flowing backwards.
Sometimes the walls of the veins become stretched and lose their elasticity, causing the valves to weaken.
If the valves don’t function properly, this can cause the blood to leak and flow backwards. If this happens, the blood will collect in your veins, which will become swollen and enlarged.
The reasons why the walls of the veins stretch and the valves in your veins weaken are not fully understood. Some people develop the condition for no obvious or apparent reason.
A number of things can increase your likelihood of developing varicose veins, including:
Women are more likely to be affected by varicose veins than men. Research suggests this may be because female hormones tend to relax the walls of veins, making the valves more prone to leaking.
Hormones are chemicals produced by the body, and changes may be caused by pregnancy, premenstrual syndrome or the menopause.
Your risk of developing varicose veins is increased if a close family member has the condition. This suggests varicose veins may be partly caused by your genes (the units of genetic material you inherit from your parents).
As you get older, your veins start to lose their elasticity and the valves inside them stop working as well.
Being overweight puts extra pressure on your veins, which means they have to work harder to send the blood back to your heart. This can put increased pressure on the valves, making them more prone to leaking.
The impact of body weight on the development of varicose veins appears to be more significant in women.
Use a healthy weight calculator to check whether you are overweight.
Some research suggests jobs that require long periods of standing may increase your risk of getting varicose veins. This is because your blood does not flow as easily when you are standing for long periods of time.
During pregnancy, the amount of blood increases to help support the developing baby. This puts extra strain on your veins.
Increased hormone levels during pregnancy also cause the muscular walls of the blood vessels to relax, which also increases your risk.
Varicose veins may also develop as the womb (uterus) begins to grow. As the womb expands it puts pressure on veins in your pelvic area, which can sometimes cause them to become varicose.
Although being pregnant can increase your risk of developing varicose veins, most women find their veins significantly improve after the baby is born.
In rare cases, varicose veins are caused by other conditions. These include:
Varicose veins are dark purple or blue in colour and are usually twisted and bulging in appearance. Some people with varicose veins may experience pain or discomfort.
As well as their distinctive appearance, symptoms of varicose veins can include:
These symptoms are usually worse during warm weather or if you’ve been standing up for long periods of time. They may improve when you walk around or if you rest and raise your legs. Pillows are a good way to raise your legs comfortably.
Varicose veins usually develop on the legs, either on the back of your calf or on the inside of your leg. However, they can also sometimes occur in other parts of your body, such as your:
If you are worried about the appearance of your veins, see your GP.
If you have varicose veins and they don’t cause you any symptoms, you may not need to visit your GP. Varicose veins are rarely a serious condition and they don’t usually require treatment.
However, speak to your GP if:
Varicose veins are diagnosed by their appearance. Your GP will examine your legs while you’re standing to check for signs of swelling.
You may also be asked to describe any pain you have and whether there are situations that make your varicose veins worse. For example, some women find their menstrual cycle (periods) affects their varicose veins.
Your GP will also want to know if you’re at an increased risk of developing varicose veins, such as:
Your GP may refer you to a vascular specialist (a doctor who specialises in veins) if you have any of the following:
In most cases, a test called a duplex ultrasound scan will be carried out. This is a type of scan that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce a picture of the veins in your legs.
The picture shows the blood flow and helps the vascular specialist locate any damaged valves that might be causing your varicose veins.
For most people, varicose veins don’t present a serious health problem. They may have an unpleasant appearance, but should not affect circulation or cause long-term health problems.
Most varicose veins don’t require any treatment, but if treatment is necessary, your doctor may first recommend up to six months of self care at home, including:
Surgical treatments may be offered if you have:
If you meet the criteria for referral to see a vascular specialist (a doctor who specialises in veins), varicose veins can be treated in several ways, the most common being:
It’s unlikely you’ll receive varicose veins treatment on the NHS for cosmetic reasons – you’ll have to pay for this privately.
There is little evidence to suggest you can stop varicose veins getting worse, or completely prevent new ones developing.
However, there are ways to ease symptoms of existing varicose veins, such as:
Compression stockings are specially designed to steadily squeeze your legs to improve circulation. They are often tightest at the ankle and get gradually looser as they go further up your leg. This encourages blood to flow upwards towards your heart.
Compression stockings may help relieve the pain, discomfort and swelling in your legs caused by your varicose veins. However, it’s not known whether the stockings help prevent your varicose veins getting worse, or if they prevent new varicose veins appearing.
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) only recommends using compression stockings as a long-term treatment for varicose veins if all other treatments are not suitable for you.
If you are pregnant and you have varicose veins, NICE says you may be offered compression stockings for the duration of your pregnancy.
Compression stockings are available in a variety of different sizes and pressures. Most people with varicose veins will be prescribed a class 1 (light compression) or class 2 (medium compression) stocking. They are also available in:
Compression tights are also available, but not on the NHS. They can be bought from pharmacies or directly from the manufacturers.
You may need to wear compression stockings for the rest of your life if you have deep venous incompetence. Deep venous incompetence is where you have problems with the valves, or blockages, in the deep veins in your legs.
In these circumstances, you will need to wear compression stockings even if you have had surgery to treat some varicose veins.
You usually need to put your compression stockings on as soon as you get up in the morning and take them off when you go to bed.
They can be uncomfortable, particularly during hot weather, but it’s important to wear your stockings correctly to get the most benefit from them.
Pull them all the way up so the correct level of compression is applied to each part of your leg. Don’t let the stocking roll down, or it may dig into your skin in a tight band around your leg.
Speak to your GP if the stockings are uncomfortable or don’t seem to fit. It may be possible to get custom-made stockings that will fit you exactly.
If custom-made compression stockings are recommended, your legs will need to be measured in several places to ensure they are the correct size. If your legs are often swollen, they should be measured in the morning, when any swelling is likely to be minimal.
If compression stockings are causing the skin on your legs to become dry, try applying a moisturising cream (emollient) before you go to bed to keep your skin moist.
You should also keep an eye out for sore marks on your legs, as well as blisters and discolouration.
Compression stockings usually have to be replaced every three to six months. If your stockings become damaged, speak to your GP because they may no longer be effective.
You should be prescribed two stockings (or two sets of stockings if you are wearing one on each leg) so that one stocking can be worn while the other is being washed and dried. Compression stockings should be hand washed in warm water and dried away from direct heat.
If your varicose veins meet the requirements for further treatment, the type of treatment will depend on:
A vascular specialist (a doctor who specialises in veins) will be able to advise you about the most suitable form of treatment for you.
One of the first treatments offered will usually be endothermal ablation. This involves using energy either from high-frequency radio waves (radiofrequency ablation) or lasers (endovenous laser treatment) to seal the affected veins.
These treatments are described in more detail below.
Radiofrequency ablation involves heating the wall of your varicose vein using radiofrequency energy. The vein is accessed through a small cut made just above or below the knee.
A narrow tube called a catheter is guided into the vein using an ultrasound scan. A probe is inserted into the catheter that sends out radiofrequency energy.
This heats the vein until its walls collapse, closing it and sealing it shut. Once the vein has been sealed shut, your blood will naturally be redirected to one of your healthy veins.
Radiofrequency ablation can be carried out under either local anaesthetic (you are awake) or general anaesthetic (you are asleep). The procedure may cause some short-term side effects, such as pins and needles (paraesthesia).
You may need to wear compression stockings for up to a week after having radiofrequency ablation.
As with radiofrequency ablation, endovenous laser treatment involves having a catheter inserted into your vein and using an ultrasound scan to guide it into the correct position. A tiny laser is passed through the catheter and positioned at the top of your varicose vein.
The laser delivers short bursts of energy that heat up the vein and seal it closed. The laser is slowly pulled along the vein using the ultrasound scan to guide it, allowing the entire length of the vein to be closed.
Endovenous laser treatment can be carried out under local or general anaesthetic. After the procedure you may feel some tightness in your legs, and the affected areas may be bruised and painful. Nerve injury is also possible, but it’s usually only temporary.
If endothermal ablation treatment is unsuitable for you, you’ll usually be offered a treatment called sclerotherapy instead.
This treatment involves injecting special foam into your veins. The foam scars the veins, which seals them closed. This type of treatment may not be suitable if you have previously had deep vein thrombosis.
The injection is guided to the vein using an ultrasound scan. It’s possible to treat more than one vein in the same session. Both standard sclerotherapy and foam sclerotherapy are usually carried out under local anaesthetic, where a painkilling medication will be used to numb the area being treated.
After sclerotherapy, your varicose veins should begin to fade after a few weeks as stronger veins take over the role of the damaged vein, which is no longer filled with blood. You may require treatment more than once before the vein fades, and there is a chance the vein may reappear.
Although sclerotherapy has proven to be effective, it’s not yet known how effective foam sclerotherapy is in the long term. NICE found, on average, the treatment was effective in 84 out of 100 cases. However, in one study, the varicose veins returned in more than half of those treated.
Sclerotherapy can also cause side effects, including:
You should be able to walk and return to work immediately after having sclerotherapy. You will need to wear compression stockings or bandages for up to a week.
In rare cases, sclerotherapy has been known to have serious potential complications, such as strokes or transient ischaemic attacks.
If endothermal ablation treatments and sclerotherapy are unsuitable for you, you may be offered a surgical procedure called ligation and stripping to remove the affected veins.
Varicose vein surgery is usually carried out under general anaesthetic, which means you will be unconscious during the procedure.
You can usually go home the same day, but an overnight stay in hospital is sometimes necessary, particularly if you are having surgery on both legs.
Most surgeons use a technique called ligation and stripping, which involves tying off the vein in the affected leg and then removing it.
Two small incisions are made, approximately 5cm (2in) in diameter. The first cut is made near your groin at the top of the varicose vein. The second cut is made further down your leg, usually around your knee or ankle. The top of the vein (near your groin) is tied up and sealed.
A thin, flexible wire is passed through the bottom of the vein and then carefully pulled out and removed through the lower cut in your leg.
The blood flow in your legs will not be affected by the surgery. This is because the veins situated deep within your legs will take over the role of the damaged veins.
Ligation and stripping can cause pain, bruising and bleeding. More serious complications are rare, but could include nerve damage or deep vein thrombosis, which is where a blood clot forms in one of the deep veins of the body.
After the procedure, you may need up to three weeks to recover before returning to work, although this depends on your general health and the type of work you do. You may need to wear compression stockings for up to a week after surgery.
Varicose veins can cause complications because they stop your blood flowing properly.
Most people who have varicose veins won’t develop complications, but, if you do, it will usually be several years after your varicose veins first appear.
Some possible complications of varicose veins are explained below.
Varicose veins near the surface of your skin can sometimes bleed if you cut or bump your leg. The bleeding may be difficult to stop.
You should lie down, raise your leg and apply direct pressure to the wound. Seek immediate medical advice if this doesn’t stop the bleeding.
If blood clots form in superficial veins (veins located just under the surface of your skin), it could lead to conditions such as thrombophlebitis or deep vein thrombosis.
Thrombophlebitis is swelling (inflammation) of the veins in your leg caused by blood clots forming in the vein. This can occur within your varicose veins and can:
When thrombophlebitis occurs in one of the superficial veins in your leg it’s known as superficial thrombophlebitis.
Like varicose veins, thrombophlebitis can be treated with compression stockings. In some cases, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, may be prescribed.
Deep vein thrombosis may develop in up to 20% of people who develop a blood clot in superficial veins.
It can cause pain and swelling in the leg, and may lead to serious complications such as pulmonary embolism.
If the blood in your veins doesn’t flow properly, it can interfere with the way your skin exchanges oxygen, nutrients and waste products with your blood.
If the exchange is disrupted over a long period of time, it’s known as chronic venous insufficiency.
Chronic venous insufficiency can sometimes cause other conditions to develop, including those described below.
Varicose eczema is a condition that causes your skin to become red, scaly and flaky. You may also develop blisters and crusting of your skin.
This condition is often permanent, but does not lead to any major problems.
Lipodermatosclerosis causes your skin to become hardened and tight, and you may find it turns a red or brown colour. The condition usually affects the calf area.
A venous ulcer develops when there is increased pressure in the veins of your lower leg. This causes fluid to seep from your vein and collect under the skin.
The fluid can cause the skin to thicken, swell and eventually break down to form an ulcer. Venous ulcers most commonly form in the ankle area.
You should see your GP immediately if you notice any unusual changes in your skin, such as those mentioned above. These conditions can usually be easily treated, but it’s important you receive treatment as soon as possible.
Last updated:
20 August 2024